Survival and Growth of Isolated Polyps of Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus 1767) on Six Kinds of Culture Substrates: Implications for Mariculture,Aquarium Culture,and Conservation

Coral aquaculture is viewed as a sustainable method of providing colonies for use in the aquarium trade, pharmacological studies, and coral reef rehabilitation. The production of large, healthy specimens depends on providing conditions that mimic or surpass natural reef environments. Materials with a high degree of variability in physical and chemical properties are utilized as substrates in coral aquaculture, but until fragment–substrate interactions are isolated and independently studied, the possible inhibitory and facilitative effects of each material will remain unclear. To understand potential key roles that substrates can play in coral culture, a comparison was made about the role of various materials on fragment survival and growth. The experiment examined the interactions between isolates of a common scleractinian coral, Galaxea fascicularis, and six commonly used substrates (coral rock, terracotta, polyvinyl chloride, steel, rubber tire, and concrete) and how these affected survival and growth. No differences were observed in the survival, colony size, and polyp production of the resulting microcolonies. The results show that, for G. fascicularis, growth is not affected by substrate type. The results demonstrate the use of a wide variety of materials for the successful aquaculture of scleractinian corals.     

海水养殖源弧菌耐药性调查与分析

对2010年收集自上海、江苏、海南等地海水养殖区域内的184株弧菌进行了耐药率测定和分析,绘制了其对常见药物的耐药谱。结果显示,所有弧菌对喹诺酮类、氯霉素类、磺胺类、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类及利福霉素类等常见药物均有不同程度的耐药,对抗生素耐药率分别为新生霉素64.7%、复方新诺明57.6%、恩诺沙星54.3%、利福平54.3%、卡那霉素45.7%,对诺氟沙星、氯霉素类和红霉素的耐药率则维持在较低水平,分别为8.2%、10.3%和9.2%;菌株交叉耐药和多重耐药现象严重,对1种以上药物产生耐药的菌株占总数的100%;对2种以上药物产生耐药的菌株占总数的93.5%;对3种以上药物耐药的菌株占80.4%;对4种以上药物耐药的菌株占49.5%;对5种以上药物耐药的菌株占26.6%;对6种以上药物耐药的菌株亦有3.8%。由此可见,水产细菌的耐药性十分严重,已成为当前渔业细菌性疾病防控的突出问题。     

循环水养殖系统生物滤池细菌群落的PCR-DGGE分析

通过模拟实验对循环水养殖系统中不同初始NH ₄N浓度的生物滤池中生物膜上和水中的细菌数量及群落种类组成进行了研究。对成熟生物膜及水体样品中的异养菌、氨氧化菌、亚硝酸盐氧化菌的培养计数结果表明,随着生物滤池初始氨氮浓度增大,除异养细菌数量逐渐下降外,生物膜上的氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌数量呈逐渐增加趋势,且均高出水样3~4个数量级;同时对上述样品的16S rRNA基因片段的PCR扩增产物进行变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析及其序列同源性分析的结果表明,生物膜和水中都有较高的细菌多样性,同一初始氨氮浓度的滤池中生物膜上的细菌多样性高于水中的。生物滤池中的细菌主要由拟杆菌门的黄杆菌纲和变形菌门的α-、β-、γ-变形菌纲的15种细菌组成。生物膜上的优势菌包括奥雷氏菌属、湖饲养者菌属、泥滩杆菌属、沉积杆菌属、雷辛格氏菌属、冷蛇形菌属和亚硝化单胞菌属等;水体中的优势菌则有明显差异,主要有蛋黄色杆菌属、Nautella,玫瑰杆菌属和一种硫氧化菌等。初始氨氮越高的滤池中,亚硝化单胞菌属的细菌在生物膜上所占比例越高,逐渐成为优势菌之一。实验证实,挂膜初期,提高水体中初始氨氮浓度,有利于硝化细菌的富集和固着,提高生物滤池的除氮效率。     

固态抑氨菌剂制备及其对蛋鸡舍的抑氨效果

为了为抑氨菌选择良好的固定化载体,并研究固态抑氨菌剂对降低鸡舍内氨质量浓度的效果,该文将7种有机载体混合成63种组合载体后,选择较佳的组合载体,并以此制成固态抑氨菌剂。于饲喂1000只商品蛋鸡的笼养蛋鸡舍中,将固态抑氨菌剂均匀撒放于鸡粪表面,研究其在鸡舍现场的抑氨效果。菌剂的撒放按照菌剂与鸡粪质量之比进行,试验1期为0.5%,试验2期为1%,试验3期为1.5%,对照1期、2期和3期均不撒放,每天4次测定鸡舍内6个点的温度、相对湿度、氨质量浓度和CO2体积分数,试验共进行36d。结果表明,麦糠、稻壳和玉米芯粉等量混合并以200%吸水率吸附抑氨菌液后制成的固态抑氨菌剂的效果较佳;试验1期鸡舍内氨质量浓度未发生显著变化(P>0.05),试验2期氨质量浓度降低15%(P<0.01),试验3期氨质量浓度降低59.3%(P<0.01);但3期试验均未对舍内CO2体积分数产生显著影响(P>0.05)。结果显示,以有机混合载体吸附抑氨菌液制成的固态抑氨菌剂有明显降低笼养蛋鸡舍内氨质量浓度的作用。该研究结果为生产过程中有效控制蛋鸡舍内的氨质量浓度提供理论参考。     

獐子岛养殖海域氮、磷的分布特征

根据2005年4个季节的调查资料，研究了獐子岛养殖海区的氮、磷营养盐的季节变化及平面分布特性，重点分析了7月营养盐、叶绿素及环境因子的相关性，探讨了与底播养殖的可能内在联系。结果表明，溶解性无机氮、活性磷酸盐的平面分布和垂直分布较均匀，仅在7月，表底层的氨氮浓度及磷酸盐浓度存在显著性差异。根据氮磷摩尔比和浮游植物生长的阈值分析，在该海区氮、磷营养盐限制呈季节性交替变化，7月磷限制的潜在性较大，3月和5月氮限制的潜在性较大。尽管目前的养殖生产活动并未对该海区的营养盐浓度产生较大的影响或压力，但是，3、5和7月底层水的无机氮以氨氮为主以及贝类养殖密度较大的区域叶绿素浓度较低的现象，可能与养殖活动有关，应引起关注．     

不同饲养方式对固始鸡蛋品质的影响研究

对固始鸡笼养和放牧饲养条件下蛋品质研究结果表明:笼养和放养对蛋重和蛋壳厚影响显著(P<0.05),对蛋黄重、蛋壳重、蛋黄含量占全蛋比例、蛋白和蛋黄的粗脂肪含量、蛋白和蛋黄的粗蛋白含量等指标的影响均不显著。     

福建省海水养殖业生态安全评价

以福建省为例,应用PSR模型,从海水养殖业生态环境的系统压力、系统状态、系统响应3个方面筛选出26个指标,在专家打分的基础上,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,从时间尺度上(2003-2012年)评价福建省海水养殖业的生态安全状况及其发展趋势,探究影响福建省海水养殖业生态安全水平的主要原因.结果表明,福建省海水养殖业的生态环境总体呈现越来越好的趋势,但仍然面临较严峻的挑战.     

以PLA、PHBV为碳源的生物絮团技术在海水养殖中的应用

本研究以聚乳酸(PLA)和3-羟基丁酸-co-3-羟基戊酸共聚(PHBV)作为外加碳源,探究在模拟海水生物絮团养殖中,高、中、低盐度下PLA与PHBV碳源释放规律以及对海水生物絮团养殖中水质、微生物多样性及其群落结构的影响.结果显示:PHBV碳源要优于PLA碳源,中盐度更有利于各种营养盐的转化,氨氮质量浓度最终保持在3...     

Applying forest restoration principles to coral reef rehabilitation

• 1. Forest restoration through silviculture (gardening) programs revives productivity, biodiversity, and stability. As in silviculture approaches, the coral ‘gardening’ strategy is based on a two‐step protocol.
• 2. The first step deals with the establishment of in situ and/or ex situ coral nurseries in which corals are farmed (originating from two types of source material: asexual [ramets, nubbins], and sexual [planula larvae, spat] recruits).
• 3. The second is the reef rehabilitation step, where maricultured colonies are transplanted into degraded sites.
• 4. We compare here the rationale of forest restoration to coral reef ecosystem restoration by evaluating major key criteria. As in silviculture programs, a sustainable mariculture operation that focuses on the prime structural component of the reef (‘gardening’ with corals) may promote the persistence of threatened coral populations, as well as that of other reef taxa, thus maintaining genetic diversity. In chronically degrading reef sites this may facilitate a halt in biodiversity depletion.
• 5. Within the current theoretical framework of ecosystem restoration, the recovery of biodiversity indices is considered a core element since a rich species diversity provides higher ecosystem resilience to disturbances.
• 6. The gardening measure may also be implemented worldwide, eliminating the need to extract existing colonies for transplantation operations. At degraded reef sites, the coral gardening strategy can assist in managing human and non‐human stakeholders' requirements as is done in forest management.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海水养殖杂交鲟对环境变化耐受性的试验研究

试验结果表明:海水养殖杂交鲟的适宜温度为5.0~22.0℃,临界上限水温为26.0℃,临界下限水温为3.0℃;耐受盐度的范围比较广泛,为1.0~38.0,适宜养殖的盐度为8.0~32.0;耐pH值的范围为4.7~9.8,适宜养殖的pH值为6.9~8.8。杂交鲟对环境变化耐受性范围较大,可以保证杂交鲟可以更好地适应其生存环境,以避免由于环境因子的激变造成海水养殖杂交鲟的大规模死亡。